10 CCENT, CCNA, CCNP Interview Questions

Q-1 What type of routing protocol maintains neighbors?

Answer- Link State

Q-2 what is the range of values for administrative distance?

Answer: 0-255

Q-3 Describe the difference between unicast, multicast, and broadcast traffic?

Answer: Unicast traffic flows from a single source to a single destination MAC

address. Multicast traffic flows from a single source MAC address to many destinations

and uses a functional MAC address. Broadcast traffic is from a single

source to all devices on the Ethernet segment. This is specified by a destination

MAC address of all ones.

Q-4 What are the four different Ethernet encapsulation types?

Answer: From the Cisco IPX encapsulation command they are ARPA, NOVELL-ETHER,

SAP and SNAP

Q-5 What are the three main tasks of a transparent bridge?

Answer: Learning, Forwarding, Filtering

Q-6 What type of routing protocol is EIGRP?

Answer: Hybrid

Q-7 What is the range of values for administrative distance?

Answer: 0-255

Q-8 What algorithm does OSPF use to compute its route table?

Answer: OSPF uses the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm, which is also known as the

Dijkstra algorithm.

Q-9 What is a stub area?

Answer: A stub area is an area that does not accept routing updates from outside its

autonomous system.

Q-10 What does the TTL field of an IP packet header do?

Answer: The TTL field indicates the maximum time that a packet can be on the network.

Each router that processes this packet decrements the TTL value by 1. If the

value reaches zero, the packet is discarded from the network. The purpose of

this field is to eliminate the possibility of a packet endlessly traversing the network.

Searching For The Elusive Xbox 360 Emulator

The Xbox 360, manufactured by Microsoft, is probably one of the most versatile and powerful gaming consoles that you will come across. And because it provides the ultimate gaming experience with its high definition graphics and lifelike action, it is no wonder that true gamers wait with baited breath for an Xbox 360 emulator to be released. The Xbox 360 features an easy to operate interface that even novices have no trouble handling. It allows you to go directly to the option you want by using either using the controller or remote control. Plus, the latest movies look great when they are played back on the Xbox 360. 

Its multimedia capabilities also allow you to play your favorite movies and view pictures. Plus, the Xbox 360 itself contains its own Xbox emulator making it backwards compatible for previous Xbox games, so there is no need to rush out and purchase new copies of your favorite games. Games that have been developed for the Xbox 360 are extremely popular and sought after. For this reason, many who play video games look forward to the day when an Xbox 360 emulator will be developed. They wish to see hardware and software made available that allows personal computer users the enjoyment of Xbox games via their PCs. 

Those new to video gaming or do not care for this form of entertainment may be wondering what the purpose of an Xbox 360 emulator really is. Why not just buy the Xbox 360 and be done with it? However, it seems that many gamers prefer playing on the system they feel most comfortable with. And for a vast number of them, this system is the PC. In order for video game manufacturers to broaden their market, it does make sense in the end to provide cross platform compatibility. Basically, video game emulators are systems created to behave like the gaming console that can be operated from your PC or Mac. There are a couple different types of emulators that video game enthusiasts can employ. 

The first type is a software emulator, which is installed on your computer just the way that any other type of software is. What it enables your PC to do is to operate on a video game type platform allowing you to play games. It is akin to having dual operating systems installed for your PC - one for work and one for play. The second type of video game emulator is hardware. It is just like any other hardware device you might purchase for your PC. You connect it and install the software to run it. Video games are then inserted into the hardware and played via this device connected to your computer. 

Of course, software developers love emulators because it broadens the appeal of game software while expanding the market. Video game console developers, though, are reluctant to part with the technology that gives them the market share advantage. To console developers, emulators mean less profit and indicate that it is time for a new, more powerful console. So unfortunately for avid gamers, the Xbox 360 emulator does not yet exist. However, you can be sure that many look forward to the day that one is released.

Easy Cleaning Tips for Your Glass Shower Enclosures

Glass shower enclosures are very popular these days. Their compact design, lovely glass finish and exclusive designs make them suitable for appropriate bathroom décor. If you want to ensure these stay clean for a long time, read on to know some great cleaning tips.

Choose upgrade products wisely

If you already have enclosures installed in the bathroom and want to opt for the glass shower enclosures then choose an upgrade product wisely. Ideally, you want to opt for one where the glass looks newer and sparkly for longer. These specialized glasses have certain compounds and surface products applied to them inside the factory itself. Thus, the glass is provided this unique characteristic during the production phase itself. This advanced technology implies that in the long term, you will require very little in terms of maintenance or cleaning. In such special glasses, all that is really needed to keep them clean is a little water spray!

How to clean

In order to keep your glass shower enclosures looking cleaner for longer you need to use a spray bottle filled with clean water. Just spray the water along the glass. Then use a clean and dry as well as soft cloth to wipe the surface. While the water will certainly clean the glass, you do not want the droplets to form unsightly patterns on the glass! This is why wiping the glass dry is essential.

When to use soap solution

The ideal frequency for using soap solution on glass shower enclosures is once in a month. You can use a regular sponge for this purpose. Usually, the enclosure will come with a kit that includes such a sponge. Take the sponge and dip it into the soap solution. Make sure the soapy water is a little warm. This way, the grime accumulated will easily come off. Then rub across the glass in a downward fashion with the sponge. Rinse with plain water and then wipe dry with a clean, dry, soft cloth.

Tips On Obtaining The Most Excellent Buy On Office Equipments

Buying office equipments can be very tricky. While you want to acquire machines that will give you the best services for your business, buying them without the proper knowledge and insight can be more costly. It can cost you thousands of dollars per machine. Operation cost, wide of the mark outputs, and unnecessary maintenance schedules can wreak havoc to your business’ resources and can even make your reputation flawed. And so, choosing the right office equipment and the right deal, whether you are small to medium-size or huge businesses, is essential if you want to save money, value resources, and maintain good reputation with your customers.

Here are some feasible tips to help you get through the challenges:

1. Know what you need

Not knowing what you need is as bad as not having enough information about the products you want to buy. Today’s technology has provided state-of-the-art products and equipments built to provide businesses the reliability and efficiency that their customers need. If you don’t know specifically the type of functions you need, you could end up buying the wrong product.

For example, you can evaluate the kind of output you need. If your business is into marketing or advertising, you may find that getting the best printer with remarkable color rendition can be an asset. If you want to save money and energy, it is best to attach the machine into a network where people can easily access instead of acquiring dedicated office equipments such as printer and scanners.

Office equipments nowadays are equipped with multifunctional devices built for the modern office environment. All you have to do is to find the right function and model to help you create outputs needed by your customers.

2. Do your homework

Try to find suppliers or vendors that will give you the best deal. However, keep in mind that low prices are not always a bunch of good deals and may not always guarantee reliable services.

When choosing the right supplier, always try to give greatest attention to details such as flexible options, reasonable prices, availability of discounts for bulk purchases, good warranty, and guaranteed maintenance and repair services. The last two factors are very important since even the best products can also wear out in due time. Hence, getting the best warranty and repair services can put your business’ bottom line in the best level. 

3. Ask for recommendations or references

Getting the highest quality of service always come with the best testimonials and recommendations from trusted colleagues, friends, or relatives. Nothing works better than first-hand experience.

In today’s highly commercialized world, businesses know how important word-of-the-mouth marketing is. In fact, it is considered to be the latest trend in marketing and more and more people are getting the best results through this type of promotion. 

That’s because most people will most likely buy products from suppliers or vendors whose services have already been tested and proven. And so, referrals or recommendations from other people will help you find the best product and the best deal.

Boiled down, saving money and getting the most out of your office equipments are not entirely dependent on prices and quality alone. You have to rely on the services and efficiency that their suppliers and vendors provide. After all, in a built environment like offices, you may need all the services you can get to guarantee satisfaction. It is useless to buy good products if people responsible for their quality and efficiency will not stand behind their products. And so, buying office equipments should never be an either-or thing. Acquiring the most comprehensive knowledge in choosing the right equipment will always guarantee your business’ success.

Debugging source code and its various approaches for the layman

Once errors are identified, it is necessary to first locate the precise program statements responsible for the errors and then fix them. Generally, the most difficult part of debugging is locating the invalid part of the source code. Once the error is found, correcting it is usually easy. Generally, debugging is a lengthy and tiresome task. The debugging skill of the programmer is probably the biggest factor in the ability to debug a problem. 

There are several approaches for debugging. Programs known as debuggers exist to help programmers locate bugs. Debuggers enable the programmer to monitor the execution of a program, stop it, re-start it, set breakpoints, change values in memory and even, in some cases, go back in time. For debugging computer hardware and low-level software like device drivers, BIOS and firmware, instruments such as oscilloscopes, in-circuit emulators are frequently used.

Brute Force method is, though, the most common method of debugging, it is the least efficient method. In this approach, the program is loaded with print statements to print the intermediate values with the hope that some of the printed values will help to identify the statement in error. This approach becomes more systematic with the use of a symbolic debugger (also known as source code debugger), because the values of different variables can be easily checked and break points and watch points can be easily set to test the values of variables effortlessly.

Backtracking is also a fairly common approach. In this approach, beginning from the statement at which an error symptom is observed, the source code is traced backwards until the error is discovered. Unfortunately, as the number of source lines to be traced back increases, the number of potential backward paths increases and may become unmanageable large, thus limiting the use of this approach.

In Cause elimination method, a list of causes which could possibly have contributed to the error symptom is developed and tests are conducted to eliminate each cause. A related technique of identification of the error from the error symptom in the software fault tree analysis.

Program slicing is a technique which is similar to back tracking. However, the search space is reduced by defining slices. A slice of a program from a particular variable at a particular statement is the set of source lines preceding this statement that can influence the value of that variable.

Debugging is often carried out by programmers based on their ingenuity. Many a times, debugging requires a thorough understanding of the program design. Trying to debug based on a partial understanding of the system design and implementation may require an inordinate amount of effort to be put into debugging even for simple reasons. Debugging may sometimes even require full redesign of the system. In such cases, a common mistake that novice programmers often make is that they do not attempt to fix the error but only its symptoms. One must be beware of the possibility that any one error correction may introduce new errors. Therefore, after every round of error fixing, regression testing must be carried out.

Change Sony Ericsson Menu Icons

Here is something that every SE phone user will love.

Firstly let me warn you that playing with your phone settings is not a joke. You should take extreme care not to mess up things. You may end up damaging your phone beyond recovery.

OK, before you can start with you work make sure you have/satisfy the following

1. XS++ : This is the tool which will help you to transfer your new menu icons to your phone. If you don't have it, download it from the resources below .

2. Menu Icons: You can do a quick Google search for SE Menu icons and you will get lot of sites with good menu icons. If you don't find any, download any of the below menu icons pack from my site. These were not designed by me (Oh! yes you can design your own menu icons using another tool which I will mention later). I don't know who the designer is but I must say I love the designs. Download the menu from the resouces below

3. 80 - 100 % battery charge: Make sure you battery is fully charged. (This is very important)

4. USB drivers for your phone.

6. Data cable (You can't do anything without this... Bluetooth does not help you in this)

Now here is the step by step procedure.

1. Switch off your phone ( Yes you cannot see a live preview of your new menu… Like DIGG says "Patience My friend is a virtue")

2. Open "XS++" and you should have something like this

3. Press "Connect" button. Leave the default settings as it is and you will see that XS++ will ask you to connect you phone.

4. Press and hold "c" in your phone and connect your phone to your PC with the USB cable (You have 30 seconds for this).

5. Xs++ will show your phone status.

6. Now select the radio button for "FSX".

7. Press "Start FSX". XS++ will start building your phone's system folders. This may take some time depending on your phone's model and the amount of data you have in your memory card. Don't worry if XS++ hangs for some time. Wait until all the folders are mapped.

8. Expand "tpa" (Click the + symbol) -> preset -> system -> menu

9. Now you will see a list of files. The PNG files you see are the icons. You will also see a file named menu.ml. This file has all the details about menu icons and their links.

10. Drag and drop the icon files which you have downloaded (Make sure you unzip the contents before uploading). By default XS++ replaces all the files but you can delete the existing icons manually.

11. Uploading will take some time depending upon the size of your images.

12. Once the upload is complete. Click shutdown and press "Yes" in the confirmation box.

Now disconnect your phone and switch it on.

Does it switch on? NO? OMG what have you done? Did you miss any step?

Yes! Don't worry the phone will not switch until you perform the next step.

13. Remove and reinsert the battery. Switch on your phone and have fun with your new menu icons.

As I promised earlier the link for the tool which can generate menu.ml can be found in the resources.